Mahatma Gandhi propounded the practice of steadfast nonviolent opposition which he called " satyagraha", instrumental in its role in the Indian Independence Movement. In modern times, interest was revived by Leo Tolstoy in his late works, particularly in The Kingdom of God Is Within You. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound. A related term is ahimsa (to do no harm), which is a core philosophy in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The word pacifism was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism (including conscription and mandatory military service) or violence. A peace sign, which is widely associated with pacifism World Day of Prayer for Peace in Assisi, 2011
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